JPTRM Vol. 12 No. 1 (May 2024)
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Item Use of Artificial Intelligence in Molecular Pharmacology(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Amarjot Kaur GrewalOver the last few years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a robust force in biomedical research, and especially in drug development—an inherently complex but fundamentally important area, where efficiency and effectiveness have been major barriers in the past. With the transformational capabilities in molecular pharmacology, AI is helping revolutionize research by offering molecular pharmacology on virtual screening of chemical libraries, de novo drug design, molecular interactions, prediction of pharmacokinetic properties, prediction of drug target interactions, prediction of toxicities, patient stratification, clinical trial optimization, improved molecular structures, and potential side effects. These algorithms can help cascade the identification of lead compounds and optimization of the therapeutic candidate through the drug development process. Using traditional methods, it is difficult to identify the complex interplay of molecules and pathways in diseases. Making drug development more efficient and cost-effective, traditional pharmacological approaches are transforming to the use of AI algorithms for analyzing massive biological datasets and modeling complex biological systems like genomics and proteomics to identify disease-associated targets and predict interaction with potential drug candidates using network analysis tools and graph neural networks. Gene expression changes in diseased cells can be analyzed using AI in identifying novel drug targets and identifying the critical pathways for intervention.Item Eco-Friendly Solvent-Free Infrared (IR) Spectroscopic Method for Voglibose Determination(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Kritika Verma; Shibam Das; Amit Sharma; Rohit BhatiaBackground: Voglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor used in diabetes management, traditionally requires chromatographic or solvent-based methods for quantification. However, IR spectroscopy offers a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective alternative without chemical waste. This method enhances sustainability while maintaining accuracy and sensitivity in pharmaceutical analysis. Purpose: To validate a method for quantifying voglibose using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, emphasizing its environmental benefits and applicability in academic and industrial settings. Methods: The FTIR spectroscopy method was developed without the use of organic solvents, requiring only grinding of powders for pellet preparation. Spectra were recorded in absorbance mode within the 868.47–829.40 cm⁻¹ region, based on Beer’s law, to construct a calibration model. Validation was performed according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: The method demonstrated linearity with a regression coefficient of 0.996. It was precise, accurate (average recovery of 98.68%), and robust across a concentration range of 0.5 to 5.0 mg. The method minimizes waste generation, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional techniques. Conclusion: The validated FTIR spectroscopy method for voglibose quantification in raw materials is a reliable, accurate, and environmentally sustainable alternative for standard quality control processes in both academic and industrial applications.Item Understanding the Role of Muscle Coordination Impairments in Central Nervous System Disorders(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Josephat Gaudence Kipesha; Harshpreet kaur; Navneet Khurana; Neha SharmaBackground: The central nervous system (CNS) regulates the precise activation of motor units, which is vital for muscle coordination and goal-directed movement. The CNS modulates motor unit firing rates to control force production during muscle contraction. Many CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and anxiety-related disorders, are linked to abnormalities in muscle coordination. Purpose: This review examines the complex connection between CNS disorders and impairments in muscle coordination, highlighting the roles of motor performance, neurodegeneration, and cerebellar function. Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted to analyze the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction. Studies involving kinematic analyses describing movement abnormalities in anxiety and depression were reviewed. Results: Neurodegenerative processes contribute to muscular dysfunction, often occurring without anatomical alterations in muscle tissue. Declining motor performance and neurodegenerative changes suggest that early motor impairments may serve as potential indicators of CNS pathology. Conclusion: Understanding the link between CNS disorders and muscle coordination impairments is crucial for distinguishing drug-induced muscular effects from symptoms of neurological diseases, guiding the development of more targeted treatments.Item The Impact of Maternal Obesity on the Development and Outcomes of Congenital Masses: A Review(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Sarita Jangra; Amit Sharma; Thakur Gurjeet Singh; Bhavesh Dharmani; Tanya Sood; Kritika Sharma; Bhupinder Bhyan; Yousef Saeed Alqarni; Fahad Thabet AlsulamiBackground: The global prevalence of obesity has risen sharply, including among pregnant women, contributing to a significant increase in obstetric complications and adverse birth outcomes. One such concern is the development of congenital anomalies, which include cystic, solid, or vascular malformations. These anomalies are influenced by maternal factors such as pre-pregnancy malnutrition, inadequate folic acid intake, iodine deficiency, consanguineous marriages, insufficient immunization, and exposure to teratogens like alcohol. Addressing the high morbidity associated with these abnormalities requires a deep understanding of their anatomical and etiological factors. Purpose: This review aims to examine the impact of maternal obesity on the development and outcomes of congenital masses. It seeks to identify mechanisms underlying these malformations, assess their prevalence, and explore strategies for prevention and management. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies that link maternal obesity with congenital anomalies. Relevant articles were identified from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords like “maternal obesity,” “congenital masses,” “foetal malformations,” and “pregnancy outcomes.” Results: Maternal obesity was associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies due to factors such as altered metabolic states, inflammation, and suboptimal nutrient levels. Early diagnosis and intervention were identified as critical for improving outcomes. Conclusion: Maternal obesity significantly impacts the development and outcomes of congenital masses. Effective prevention strategies, such as nutritional counselling, obesity management, and early screening programs, are essential to mitigate these risks and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.Item Phytochemical Screening, Chromatographic Determination and Antioxidant Profiling of Hydroethanolic Extract of Green Coffee Bean Extract(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Mamta Saini; Saurabh Gupta; Sushma Devi; Thakur Gurjeet singhBackground: Green coffee beans are rich in bioactive compounds, particularly chlorogenic acids, which are known for their health benefits. Phytochemical screening and chromatographic techniques help identify and quantify these compounds. This research explores its phytochemical profile and antioxidant efficacy, contributing to its therapeutic relevance. Purpose: The current work was conducted to inspect the chromatographic and spectroscopic profile, phytochemical constituents, and antioxidant activity of the hydroethanolic extract of green coffee Arabica. Methods: The hydroethanolic extract of green coffee beans was extracted from shade-dried beans of green coffee Arabica using the Soxhlet extraction method. The bioactive compounds were identified using HPTLC. An analysis of the antioxidant profile of hydroethanolic GCBE and standards was carried out with the help of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-casino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), nitric oxide radical assay, superoxide radical test, and lipid peroxidation. Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis displayed that the hydroethanolic extract of green coffee beans consisted of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The presence of chlorogenic acid and trigonelline (RF value 0.32 and 0.16) was confirmed by comparing it with standards (RF value 0.35 and 0.17), respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of GCBE were found to be 225.6 ± 0.37 & 42.53 ± 0.34 mg /g, respectively. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The hydroethanolic extract of green coffee beans had significant antioxidant activity and confirmed the presence of trigonelline, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quinic acid. It was concluded that due to the presence of a substantial amount of phenolic compounds, it showed considerable antioxidant activity.Item Anti-diabetic Potential of Traditional Herbal Drugs in Polyherbal Formulation–A Review(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Suryakant Verma; Milind Sharad Pande; Ravinder Kumar Mehra; Deepak Kajla; Akhil Sharma; Ashi Mannan; Manu Grover; Muhammad TawhidBackground: Diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperglycemic symptoms, has emerged as a major global health challenge. The disease’s severity is compounded by both micro- and macrovascular complications associated with hyperglycemia, leading to significant morbidity. Current conventional anti-diabetic medications, while widely prescribed, often demonstrate high failure rates and are associated with adverse pathological effects. Purpose: This paper aims to evaluate the potential of polyherbal formulations in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, addressing the need for alternative therapeutic approaches with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects. Methods: The study examines various natural extracts and their constituents derived from medicinal plants, focusing on their hypoglycemic properties. Special attention is given to polyherbal formulations, which combine multiple herbs to potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing individual herb concentrations and associated adverse effects. Results: While numerous herbal medications have been developed for diabetes mellitus treatment, the review identifies a significant gap in scientific validation and medical proof of their efficacy. Polyherbal formulations show promise in enhancing therapeutic action while minimizing adverse events through reduced concentrations of individual herbs. Conclusion: The investigation highlights the potential of polyherbal formulations as an alternative approach to diabetes management. However, there is a crucial need for rigorous scientific validation and clinical trials to establish their efficacy and safety profiles before widespread implementation in diabetes treatment protocols.Item Allium Sativum-Boon to the Herbal World(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Sanchit Dhankhar; Himanshu Sharma; Samrat Chauhan; Pooja Mittal; Vishnu MittalBackground: For many years, people have utilized Allium Sativum as a spice, culinary addition, and natural cure for several common illnesses, such as earaches, burns, wounds, baldness, migraines, chest colds, dog bites, and insect stings. It is believed that minerals, protein, fixed oil, thiamine, ascorbic acid, and allin are responsible for the therapeutic benefits of Allium Sativum. Purpose: This review covers the pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharma chemistry, and other therapeutic aspects of this plant. Aside from its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer qualities, allicin is a helpful treatment for cardiovascular disorders. To lessen reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant allicin inhibits the enzymes that oxidise NADPH. By engaging with various peroxidases, it can also directly lower the concentrations of various ROS within cells. As an inhibitor of cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it treats these disorders. Furthermore, it aids in the preservation of neurotransmitter balance in individuals with ADHD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: Recent literature has been surveyed from PUBMED, Google Scholar, etc. like search engines, for summarizing detailed on-going on the phytochemical properties, biological activities, marketed formulations, patents and therapeutic potential of Allium Sativum (garlic). The search strategy included keywords such as “Allium Sativum,” “allicin,” “garlic therapeutic properties,” “neuroinflammation,” “antioxidant activity,” “phytochemicals,” “marketed formulations, ” “patents, ” and “drug delivery systems.” Results: Allium Sativum offers broad therapeutic benefits, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protection, making it a valuable natural remedy for various health conditions. Conclusion: Allicin therapy can lessen the effects of metal-induced neurotoxicity in addition to enhancing cognitive function in neurologically ill individuals. Moreover, it may pass across cell membranes with ease. This molecule can oxidise the links that keep cysteine residues in proteins together and the thiol groups in glutathione. It is physiologically active. Aside from its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer qualities, allicin is a helpful treatment for cardiovascular disorders. To lessen reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant allicin inhibits the enzymes that oxidize NADPH. By engaging with various peroxidases, it can also directly lower the concentrations of various ROS within cells. As an inhibitor of cholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it treats these disorders.Item Ethno-pharmacological Activities of Some Important Medicinal Plants on Mental Health(Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Swetza Singh; Rajiv GuptaBackground: From ancient times, plants have been prized for their prophylactic, pain-relieving, and healing properties, and today we still rely on the curative properties of these medicinal plants. Natural resources, including plants, have played a vital role for human beings from the past to the present. Healing with plants is one of the indispensable approaches implemented by mankind since the existence of humanity. Purpose: The majority of the world’s population, especially in developing countries, obtains the necessary source for their food and health from natural resources, including plants. All of those customs and medical procedures, whether they date back to the time of the apothecaries or not, are attempts to improve the quality of life by overcoming disease and suffering. Methods: Numerous plant species found all over the world are used medicinally because they contain active ingredients that operate directly on the body pharmacologically. Known for their effectiveness in treating central nervous system disorders, some well-known and established medicinal plants of Indian origin are discussed in this review. Results: Researchers have identified a number of benefits of traditional medicine, including its diversity, adaptability, accessibility, applicability in developing nations, growing appeal in wealthy nations, relative affordability, and low frequency of adverse effects from medicinal plants. According to estimates from the WHO, central nervous system disorders affect more than one billion people globally. These conditions include multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, migraine and other headache disorders, neuro-infections, brain tumors, and traumatic nervous system diseases. Mental disorders, on the other hand, are psychiatric illnesses or diseases (i.e., anxiety, depression, behavioral disturbances, etc.). These include Bacopa monniera, Centella asiatica, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, and Emblica officinalis. A few of the most promising ones include Alternanthera sessilis, Clerodendrum infortunatum, Argyreia nervosa, Moringa oleifera, Cassia tora, Elaeocarpus ganitrus, Spinacia oleracea, and Chenopodium album, which are also listed in old Indian scriptures from the time of Charaka. Conclusion: The focus is an attempt to compile all scientific publications pertinent to the topic so as to serve as a ready reference for future researchers working in the field of natural resources and its effect on mental health.