JPTRM Vol. 12 No. 2 (November 2024)

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    Green Chemistry and Its Applications
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Ritchu Babbar
    Green chemistry is defined as “the design of chemical products and methods that eliminate or remove the practice and generation of unsafe and hazardous materials”. It is also called Sustainable Chemistry. The exponential growth of the population has emerged in the drastic debilitation of non-renewable fossil resources and an enormous rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide which led to severe energy and environmental crisis. Consequently, it is highly urgent to develop renewable energy to meet the sustainable development of society. Many Chemical Industries mainly pharmaceuticals encounter critical environmental issues for many years. Most of the chemical products have good applications but these compounds produce hazardous waste that is not eco-friendly. Moreover, keeping natural resources on earth without using harmful materials is the prime goal of green chemistry. Also, it was found that it is critical to develop substitute technologies that are safer for both human health and the environment. Furthermore, through various methods of green chemistry environment can be preserved. Nearly most of them are biocatalysis, usage of alternate repeatable raw materials (biomass), diverse reaction solvents (such as water, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids) alternative reaction circumstances likewise Electron beam irradiation method, new photocatalytic reactions, microwave irradiation, radiolysis, ultrasound irradiation etc. With the introduction of 12 principles of green chemistry, guidelines were provided by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) for chemists to develop clean environment-friendly methodologies that are sustainable for the long term. These principles incorporate: Less hazardous chemical synthesis, atom economy, prevention, designing safer chemicals, design for energy efficiency, safer solvents, reduced derivatives, use of renewable feedstock, catalysis, design for degradation, inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention, and real-time analysis for population prevention.
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    Current Status of Multi Drug Resistance- Tuberculosis: A Major Public-Health Threat
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Deepak Kajla; Veerta Sharma; Ashi Mannan; Tanveer singh; Pankaj Kumar Singh
    Background: Rifampicin is the most effective first-line antibiotic for tuberculosis (TB). However, drug resistance, particularly multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), poses a significant global health challenge. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 500,000 new TB cases in 2019 were resistant to treatment, with 78% showing multidrug resistance. India alone accounted for 27% of all MDR or rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB cases reported in 2020. MDR-TB, defined by resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, is primarily driven by poor adherence to treatment, inappropriate antibiotic use, and transmission in crowded settings. Purpose: This review highlights the increasing threat of MDR-TB and underscores the need for alternative therapeutic strategies, improved diagnostic tools, and updated treatment guidelines to combat drug-resistant TB effectively. Methods: A literature-based analysis was conducted, focusing on recent WHO reports, updated guidelines, and emerging approaches in MDR-TB diagnosis and management, including molecular diagnostics, novel oral drugs, and adjunctive therapies such as nutritional and traditional support systems. Results: Recent WHO guidelines emphasize early detection using advanced molecular techniques and the use of repurposed oral anti-TB medications. These strategies show promise in enhancing disease control and patient outcomes. However, the implementation of new regimens requires further clinical evaluation. Integration of supportive care approaches such as nutrition and traditional therapies may contribute to a more holistic management of MDR-TB. Conclusion: The growing prevalence of MDR-TB and XDR-TB calls for urgent action in diagnosis, treatment, and patient support. While revised WHO strategies offer a promising framework, continued research and clinical trials are vital to optimize therapies and address global TB drug resistance effectively.
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    The Role of Millets in Diabetes Management: From Bioactive Compounds to Metabolic Health
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Bipin Singh; Mohd. Sayam; Vishal Kajla; Shalu Kashyap; Ajay Bilandi; Md. Shamim Ahmad
    Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Millets, especially foxtail and finger millet, have drawn interest as functional foods because of their high amount of bioactive compounds and low glycemic index. Purpose: This study examines how millets can help manage diabetes by concentrating on their bioactive components, glycemic control, and gut microbiota modification. Methods: A systematic review of current research was done to highlight the processes via which millets contribute to diabetes control, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota-modulating activities. Results: It has been demonstrated that millets, which are high in dietary fiber, polyphenols, and antioxidants, enhance glycemic management, lessen insulin resistance, and lessen oxidative stress. However, there are still issues with few human clinical studies and variation in bioactive chemicals. Conclusion: Millets have a lot of promise for managing diabetes, but more study is required to create firm dietary recommendations, especially large-scale human trials.
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    Transferosomes: A Promising Drug Delivery Tool in Neurodegenerative Disorders
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Neha Kanojia; Jatin Kumar; Aruna Sharma; Amit Chaudhary
    Background: Globally, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are complicated, progressive, and frequently lethal conditions that greatly increase mortality and disability. Because there are currently no effective treatments for conditions including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and numerous psychiatric diseases (such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia), these conditions continue to present significant healthcare issues. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective membrane that prevents therapeutic medicines from entering the central nervous system (CNS), is a crucial obstacle in the development of effective treatments. Due to the poor brain bioavailability of conventional drug delivery systems, novel approaches are required to improve medication penetration and efficacy. Purpose: This review examines the possibilities of nanocarrier-based systems, especially transferosomes; this review seeks to solve the shortcomings of traditional drug delivery techniques in the treatment of NDs. These ultra-deformable vesicles have demonstrated potential in overcoming BBB restrictions, boosting the distribution of neuroprotective medications to the brain, and enhancing therapeutic results. Methods: The review summarizes the results of current studies on medication delivery systems based on transferosomes in relation to mental and neurodegenerative diseases. It reviews preclinical research on animal models, emphasizing enhancements in cognitive performance, locomotor activity, cerebral bioavailability, and biochemical indicators, including neurotransmitter levels and oxidative stress. Conclusion: A promising development in medicine delivery for NDs driven by nanotechnology is transferosomes. They are a strong contender to replace conventional drug delivery techniques because of their capacity to increase brain bioavailability, reduce systemic side effects, and boost therapeutic efficacy. Preclinical research suggests that this relatively new method has great promise for treating a range of mental and neurodegenerative diseases. To prove transferosomes as a practical method for enhancing CNS medication distribution and patient outcomes, future studies should concentrate on refining formulations, carrying out comprehensive clinical trials, and resolving regulatory issues.
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    Computational Design of Herbal Inhibitors of PAI-1 for Accelerated Wound Healing
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Ankita Sharma; Ozkan Fidan; Mohammed Er-rajy; Mohamed El Fadili
    Background: Wounds are one of the significant health issues that can cause serious complications if left untreated. The proper management and treatment of wounds is highly essential to avoid the chances of developing infections and therefore promote timely healing. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a potential therapeutic target that interrupts the activation of plasminogen in the wounded tissues required for the healing process and therefore delays the healing process. Plant-based therapeutics are always demanded for wound healing because of their potential efficacy, optimized pharmacokinetics, safety, and availability. Purpose: The aim of the current study is to identify potent plant-based molecules for wound healing and to understand the most probable underlying mechanisms of action for the same. Methods: Thus, a library was prepared consisting of eighty-five plant-based ligands derived from diverse plants such as aloe vera, turmeric, neem, ginseng, calendula, etc., which were traditionally used for the management of wounds and related issues. Results: Therefore, the prepared ligand library is computationally screened against a three-dimensional model of PAI1 to shortlist the potential leads, followed by molecular dynamic simulation to validate their thermodynamic stability. The resulting simulations of the PAI1-emodin complex over a 100 ns period revealed their high stability. Conclusion: Thus, emodin was proposed as a potential inhibitor of PAI1 and can be used to develop a newer wound healing agent.
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    Liposomes as Potential Delivery System for Herbal and Synthetic Drugs
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Muskan Sood; Anu Jindal; Shaveta Bhardwaj; Pranab Moudgil; Kalpna Kashyap
    Background: Liposomes represent an appealing drug delivery system because of their better and adaptable physicochemical and biophysical features, which allow for easy manipulation to address various delivery concerns. Purpose: The use of liposomes for drug delivery currently has been greatly impacted across many biomedical fields. They have been proven to be effective in achieving the following objectives: stabilizing medicinal compounds, eliminating obstacles to cellular and tissue absorption, and enhancing the bio distribution of drugs to target sites in vivo. This reduces systemic toxicity while facilitating the effective distribution of encapsulated compounds to target areas. Liposome-assisted drug delivery platforms have made progress in clinical translation, despite a great deal of research and a number of promising preclinical results. Method: Recent literature has been surveyed from PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, etc., like search engines, for summarising detailed developments in the field of liposomes for various applications, which could prove to be a novel drug delivery system. Result and Conclusion: In this review, the focus has been on drug loading in liposomes, mechanism of transportation, method of preparation of liposomes, advancements in drug transport facilitated by liposomes, and applications of liposomes in biomedicine.
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    Review on Bullous Pemphigoid: Fixed Drug Eruption or Autoimmune Disorder
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Adarsh Keshari; Kriti Jain; Roshan Pandey; Ayush Mishra; Sarita Jangra; Amit Sharma; Bhavesh Dharmani; Bisman; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering disease of autoimmune nature predominantly affecting the geriatric population. It is characterized by blister formation at the subepidermal level, due to autoantibodies at the dermo-epidermal junction targeting proteins BP180XV11 and BP230. Mainly an autoimmune condition, diagnosis and treatment get complicated as it overlaps with drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions, including fixed drug eruption. Unlike Bullous Pemphigoid, it is a condition of localized hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. Purpose: The review tries to establish Bullous Pemphigoid as an autoimmune condition separate from fixed drug eruption. It is centered on the causative role of medications, which include diuretics, antibiotics, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, in drug-induced bullous pemphigoid. Besides, it examines genetic, immunological, and environmental etiologies of the disease and delineates clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Bullous Pemphigoid and fixed drug eruptions. Method: A systematic analysis of current literature was performed, focusing on the pathophysiology, immunological mechanisms, and histopathological differences between Bullous Pemphigoid and fixed drug eruptions. The review also examines the role of medications, genetic predispositions such as specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes, and the diagnostic utility of histopathological and immunological methods like direct immunofluorescence. Results: Autoantibodies against BP180 and BP230 in bullous pemphigoid initiate inflammatory cascades, causing subepidermal blistering and eosinophilic infiltration. Fixed drug eruption involves basal cell necrosis and localized lymphocytic infiltration. Drugs like dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors exacerbate bullous pemphigoid through immune modulation and oxidative stress. Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role, and immunological tests such as direct immunofluorescence help distinguish the two conditions. Conclusion: Bullous pemphigoid is a distinct autoimmune disease with unique immunopathological mechanisms compared to fixed drug eruption. Understanding its pathogenesis, drug interactions, and diagnostic methods enhances accurate diagnosis and management of both spontaneous and drug-induced bullous pemphigoid.
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    Dissolution Enhancement of Ketoconazole by Melt Granulation Co-Processing
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Abigail Garcia-Radilla; Mariana Ortiz-Reynoso; Gabriel Cuevas; Edna T. Alcantara-Fierro; onnathan G. Santillán-Benitez
    Background: Melt granulation (MG) is a simple operation involving a uniform mixture of active ingredients with a melted polymeric carrier. However, this process can also enhance a drug’s biopharmaceutical properties by augmenting its dissolution rate and, thus, its absorption. Purpose: By applying MG technology, current research focuses on developing co-processed ketoconazole with a higher aqueous dissolution rate than its pure form. Methods: A measure of how the type and proportion of polymeric carriers affect the crystallinity and dissolution rate of co-processed ketoconazole materials was performed. MG prepared materials in a high-shear mixer using co-povidone (Kollidon®) VA 64, HPMCAS HF as polymeric carriers, PEG 1450 (Kollisolv®) and triethyl citrate as plasticizers. Results: The co-processed ketoconazole materials exhibited miscibility in the polymeric systems, as indicated by the reduction in the enthalpy of fusion. Drug crystallinity was significantly reduced in the HPMCAS HF polymeric system, confirmed by XRPD and ATR-FTIR studies. The dissolution rate was enhanced by using a higher drug concentration in a co-povidone VA 64 environment; contrarily, for HPMCAS HF, a higher drug dilution was observed to favor the dissolution rate. Conclusions: MG is a handy, low-cost technology that develops dissolution-enhanced co-processed active pharmaceutical ingredients, spotting specific carrier-drug interactions. MG yields scalable, proven processes, raising interest in its applications in optimizing drug therapeutic efficacy. Ultimately, this technology for dissolution enhancement could bring lower-cost, high-efficiency drugs to improve patients’ quality of life.