Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare

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The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare is an international, open access, double blind peer-reviewed journal, and established in 2014. The journal aims to provide an authoritative platform for researchers and professionals working in various capacities and at different levels within the healthcare system, its organization and its delivery. It seeks to present and share novel theoretical and empirical work from multidisciplinary teams involved in the preventive, promotive, diagnostic therapeutic, rehabilitative and palliative aspects of patient care. The journal welcomes original articles, review papers and case studies from medical practitioners, allied healthcare professionals, academicians, technicians, health educators, administrators, policymakers, and students in health-related disciplines. The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare is published bi-annually and managed by a committed team of editorial board members and section editors. It complies with the publishing standards set by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and operates under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY 4.0) International License. The journal is available in both online and print versions.

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A Comparative Analysis of National and State Level Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance in India
(Chitkara University Publications, 2023-04-06) Soumya Ranjan Barik; Himanshu Sekhar Pradhan; Jyoti Prakash; Sudhir Kumar Satpathy
Background: In 2015, the World Health Assembly endorsed a global action plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and recommended its member countries to create their own action plans on the subject. Following the launch of India’s National Action Plan (NAP) on AMR in 2017, Indian states- Kerala, NewDelhi and Madhya Pradesh consequently developed their action planswhileother states are in the process of developing their own action plans on AMR. The present study is an attempt to compare NAP-AMRIndia and three state’s AMR action plans. Objectives: “To study the similarities and variations among National and State Action Plans (SAPs) on AMR in India”. Methodology:Areview of India’sNAP-AMR and the SAPs-AMR of three states (Kerala, Delhi and Madhya Pradesh) has been conducted to document the similarities and variations among these plans. Apart from AMR action plans other relevant documents obtained from Google, and National Centre for Disease Control, India were used. Result: All strategic priorities of SAP-AMR of Kerela, New-Delhi and Madhya Pradesh are similar to NAP-AMR of India. Focus areas under strategic priorities of three state action plans are well aligned to the National Action Plan. Though suggested activities under various focus areas are more or less similar among state and national action plans, however each state action plan has introduced some of the unique activities under some focus areas. All the three State Action Plans are having well-defined monitoring and evaluation frameworks akin to National Action Plan, India. Conclusion: So far only three Indian states have launched their sate action plans on AMR following the lauch of National action plan of India on AMR in the year 2017. The findings of this study may be useful for the experts while developing the state level action plans on AMR formulating antimicrobial policy and research etc.
A Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Therapeutic Ultrasound And Kinesio Tape In Treatment of Tennis Elbow
(Chitkara University Publications, 2022-10-10) Harsh Bansal; Lalit Arora; Reena Arora
Background: Tennis elbow is a painful condition of the elbow caused by overuse. It effects the tendons near the origin of the wrist extensor muscles, which results in the functional loss in the affected limb. This leads to pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow. Methods: 20 males and females patients with age from 20-50 years were included in this study and were divided into two groups. Group A received ultrasound and exercises and Group B received Kinesio tape and exercises. The wrist joint strength was measured using a dynamometer, with pressure measured in kilograms, and pain severity measured using a VAS scale. Duration of the study was 4 weeks. Patients were assessed at 0th day and at the end of 4th week. Result: Both Group A and Group B showed significant difference in wrist strength and VAS. However in the examination of pre- and post-tests, wrist strength in Group A exhibited a more significant difference than Group B. VAS also revealed a significant high difference in Group A as compared to Group B. Conclusion: This investigation came to conclusion that Group A displayed a significantly higher difference. Therefore, in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis, ultrasound is more beneficial than kinesio taping.
A Critical Review of Factors and Challenges Influencing Non-Medical Prescribers in Primary and Urgent Treatment Care Facilities in England
(Chitkara University Publications, 2022-04-10) Mithun Thampi; Biju Mathew
Background: Non-medical prescribing in England has empowered allied health professionals such as nurses, paramedics, and pharmacists working in acute and primary care settings to prescribe within their competency area in suitable work settings. The opportunities for non-medical staff to prescribe in respective clinical areas of expertise have increased substantially and continue to do so. Prescribing is now an integral part of advanced clinical practice, which is not limited to just nurses but has expanded to other allied health professionals. Purpose: To analyse the factors and challenges influencing prescribing for non-medical prescribers, during consultations with patients in primary and urgent treatment centre facilities. Methods: This study employed a critical systematic review of relevant articles chosen from electronic databases including CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus. Keywords were used to formulate a search pattern using Boolean operators and suitable qualitative studies relevant to the inclusion criteria were selected. Results: Thematic analysis of the articles concluded that there were a lot of sub-themes including a lack of protocols to support decision-making, peer support, and difficult patients which were interdependent posing as a potential barrier or acting as a facilitator in certain consultations. Conclusion: The findings have provided adequate reassurance that non-medical prescribers were aware of the facilitators and barriers to non-medical prescribing. Organizational support and continued professional development are key components of the barriers and enablers for non-medical prescribers working in urgent and primary care settings.
A Method: Fornix Depth Measurement in Ophthalmic Socket
(Chitkara University Publications, 2018-10-08) Raj Kumar; Kavita Bhatnagar; Ashok Kumar Khurana; Naveen Meena; Himanshu Tripathi
Several methods have been publicized to measure the fornix depth but the error in the measurement makes them inconvenient for the correct diagnosis of fornix depth in the eye. In view of the cruelty of disease the precise method is needed to correctly evaluate the fornix depth measurement. In this report, a novel approach is being addressed, to solve the depth measuring issue with the logical experimental design. The explanation with the proposed hypothesis is described here with the relevant scientific approach, the emphasis of certain advantages of the present invention over the conventional measurement approaches. In this case the diagnosis and the process of diagnosis should be accurate, but in the field of ophthalmology an accurate measurement of fornix depth without committing any error was a challenging task. So far in the development of the measurement of fornix depth is concern. Currently, we discussed a novel method for the measurements of fornix depth in ophthalmic eye, which will be beneficial to get the accurate value, however it was not possible in the previously reported methods. It will have many advantages over the existing methods.
A Quasi Experimental Study to Compare the Effect of Semi-Sitting Versus Left Lateral Position on Maternal and Foetal Bio-Physiological Parameters Among Antenatal Women Undergoing Non Stress Test in Tertiary Care Hospital of Patiala, Punjab
(Chitkara University Publications, 2017-10-02) Gurpreet Kaur; Preety Narula; Harpreet Kaur
Background of the study NST is a simple, non invasive test performed in pregnancy over 28 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women are generally positioned in the supine position because this position allow easy administration of the test. But supine position cause aortacaval compression which decrease blood supply to the fetus hence shows non reactive results. Hence position is one of the main factor which should be considered during non stress test. Methodology Aquasi experimental design was used. Total 60 antenatal women (30 experimental group I, 30 experimental group II) was selected by purposive sampling technique. Data collection method- Baseline maternal foetal bio-physiological parameters were assessed by performing NST for 10 minutes in baseline position(supine position) among experimental groups and then after a gap of 10 minutes semi-sitting and left lateral position was given to experimental group I and II respectively. Maternal and foetal bio-physiological parameters were assessed after 10 minutes of NST in both experimental groups I and II. Results Result of the present study revealed that baseline (supine) when compared with Semi-sitting position had significant effect on maternal foetal bio-physiological parameters at (p<0.05) level of significance however when baseline (supine) compared with left lateral position had no significant effect on maternal bio- physiological parameters except on pulse rate at (p<0.05) level of significance whereas left lateral position had significant effect on foetal bio-physiological parameters except baseline heart rate and deceleration at (p<0.05) level of significance. When semi-sitting compared with left lateral had no significant effect on maternal foetal bio-physiological parameters at (p<0.05) level of significance. Conclusion Baseline position(supine) when altered to semi-sitting or left lateral position influence the maternal foetal bio-physiological parameters. Semi-sitting when compared with left lateral had no significant effect on maternal and foetal bio- physiological parameters.
A Recent Trend on Functional and Therapeutic Role of Carob Beans In Food Products
(Chitkara University Publications, 2022-10-10) Shadma Naaz; Nishtha Khansili; Shweta Sharma
Background: Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a nutritious and medicinal evergreen crop of the Leguminosae family, cultivated in Mediterranean regions of West Asia and North Africa. Although its sustaining worth has been recognized for prosperity, its therapeutic characteristics have only recently been investigated, regardless of that some of those facts have been employed in ancestral remedies for generations. Purpose: To study the different functional and therapeutic role of carob beans and its utilization in the food products. Conclusions: Carob products are high in fibre, carbohydrates, and beneficial components such as polyphenols and D-Pinitol. Because of their anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, bioactive chemicals found in carob fruit and its derivatives help treat a variety of health issues, including diabetes, heart disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. The current review focuses on functional properties of carob beans and its potential in generating a wide range of health-beneficial food and formulations.
A Study to Assess The Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Hepatitis-B among Nursing Students in Selected Schools of Nursing Moga, Punjab
(Chitkara University Publications, 2015-04-06) Dhiraj Rani
Hepatitis is worldwide major public health problem including India. According to World Health Organization fact sheet near about one-third of the world population i.e. about 2 billion person has been infected with Hepatitis B Virus infection with serological evidence of past or present infection. Out of these 2 billion people who have been infected worldwide, more than 350 million approximately 5–7% of the world’s population are having the chronic HBV infection. Health care workers are more prone for getting infected with Hepatitis-B as they are in close contact with the patients; nursing students are the future staff nurses. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Hepatitis-B among nursing students In Selected Schools of Nursing Moga, Punjab. The purpose of study was to assess the knowledge and to impart the health information regarding Hepatitis B so as to prevent the disease and reduce morbidity and mortality , with the main objectives to assess and compare the pre-test and post-test knowledge, to find out the relationship between pre-test knowledge and post-test knowledge of nursing students with selected demographic variables. Quasi experimental approach and two group pre-test and post test design was used for the present study by taking 60 Nursing students which were selected by purposive sampling technique. A self structured and self reported questionnaire on knowledge assessment regarding Hepatitis B was prepared and validated by the expert’s opinion regarding the relevance of the items. Reliability of the tool was estimated by split half technique which included computing Pearson’s coefficient of correlation and thereafter by applying Spearman Brown prophecy formula, which was found to be 0.8, and the statistical validity was found to be 0.9 hence the tool was highly reliable The questionnaire was administered to the Nursing students to assess their pre test knowledge scores in both the groups. After the pre test, the structured teaching program was given to experimental group by the investigator after one day of pretest with the help of A.V aids. The time spent on structured teaching program was 45 minutes. The post test was taken of both experimental and control group after giving a gap of three day to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The study finding revealed that pre test knowledge score of nursing students was inadequate which get increased after imparting the STP. In this study the post-test mean knowledge score of experimental group was higher than the post-test mean knowledge score of control group at p < 0.05 level. This indicates that STP was effective. There was statistically significant effect of certain demographic variables on pre test and post test knowledge score of nursing students in experimental group. It was concluded that nurse plays an important role in disease prevention and promotion of health so providing continuing education programme is essential for nursing staff so as to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to Hepatitis B.
A Survey on Availability and Utilization of School Health Services Among Junior Secondary Schools in Funtua Zone Katsina State, Nigeria
(Chitkara University Publications, 2016-10-3) Abdulmalik Sabitu; Magaji Yunusa Matazu; Ibrahim Sukola Tambaya
The study investigated the utilization of available school health services among secondary school in Funtua Education Zone, Katsina State- Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design using a sample of Fifteen (15) junior secondary schools randomly drawn from a population of twentytwo schools in the study area. Three research questions were formulated for the study. School Health Services Availability and Utilization Questionnaire (SHSAUQ) was used for data collection. The instrument was duly validated by experts and a reliability coefficient of 0.85 was established using split half method. The data was analyzed using frequency and percentage count. Results revealed that, School Health Services are available in majority (86.70%) of the schools under study, but there was no enough qualified health personnel for effective utilization of school health services in the study area. It was recommended among others that Katsina State Government through ministry of education should deploy qualified health personnel such as nurses, community health workers in all the school clinics in the state.
An Evaluation of Practitioner’s Understanding of the Relationship Between Eye and Dental Health
(Chitkara University Publications, 2021-04-14) Mumtaz Qazi; Usmani Aazim; Prema K Chande
Background: According to several studies, eyesight may be impacted by dental health, including the condition of your teeth and gums. Hence awareness of correlating factors of ocular and dental disease is necessary among eyecare and dental care providers, so they can spread the awareness to patients. Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was developed after focus group discussion. Dentists and ophthalmologists in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai received the Survey Monkey questionnaire, which was distributed through emails and in-person meetings. Results: 245 practitioners responded to the survey, including 125 dentists and 120 ophthalmologists. According to the survey, 62.18% of ophthalmologists and 34.40% of dentists are aware of the link between poor dental health and the eyes. Years of experience and knowledge of dentists were not correlating (p > 0.05), whereas years of experience and knowledge of ophthalmologists were correlating (p<0.05) regarding the relationship between poor oral health and eye. Conclusion: Ophthalmologists have encountered more instances of ocular issues caused by poor dental health than dentists. Thus, the present brief survey concludes that dental care provider needs more awareness about eye disease caused by dental issues. Both respective fields can provide awareness to patients for better quality of life.
Antibiofilm Potential of Metal Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Mode of Action
(Chitkara University Publications, 2018-04-02) R Kaur; M Khurana; R K Virk; A Sharma
Biofilm refers to a group of microbes colonizing together and often adhered to a surface. The adherence is attributed to secretion of polymeric substances comprising of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides thereby limiting the access and inhibitory activity of existing antimicrobial agents. Biofilm are a major cause of acute infections and pose immense clinical threat especially in conditions employing the use of invasive devices thus being a major source of mortality and morbidity. Hence there is a dire need to develop alternative treatment against biofilm-related infections. Advances in nanotechnology has opened new horizons. Nanoparticles derived from various metal present promising candidates to ameliorate biofilms owing to their antioxidant potential.
Application of Lean Six Sigma in Reduction of Medication Errors
(Chitkara University Publications, 2015-10-05) Pratima Miglani
This study focuses on reduction of medication errors by application of lean Six Sigma approach in Medication administration by nurses in a corporate chain hospital of India. It helped the hospital to understand the impact of dedicated Medication Nurse on the Medication administration error rate. the purpose of the research is to redesign the policy on medication administration i.e. introducing the concept of Medication nurse for the management of medication administration errors and depletion of interruptions faced in medication delivery in order to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and safety of care delivered to patients. as per the study done on medication administration, the medication error rate found was very high in a ward (mostly contributing were 31% of missed dose, 21% of wrong dose and 17% at wrong time) due to many interruptions and challenges faced by nurses during drug administration which in turn affecting the safety of care delivered to the patients and total medication delivery time taken by a general nurse was 9 minutes. By using the lean Six sigma methodology, it was observed rate of medication errors was decreased, the complexity of the work flow became simple and systematic, the work load on all nurses was decreased, and the average time for drug administering was decreased by 55% i.e. to 4 minutes in three months. thus, it helped in reducing mess up and complexity in the ward with better utilization of other nurses to perform other activities which are needed to be done at the same time and delivering best quality of patient care with high efficiency.
Are we not Losing that Human Touch in Healthcare?
(Chitkara University Publications, 2018-04-02) Jyoti R Munavalli
Technological innovations in healthcare are bringing a huge change in care and delivery system. Technology has improved accessibility as well as affordability in healthcare. But, does this technology provide the humane emotions that improve the patient experience. This article examines the technology role and humane concerns in healthcare and concludes that technology along with humane touch would help the healthcare industry to provide quality of care, on time.
Assessing the Impact of Awareness program on Breast and Cervical Cancer Knowledge Empowerment among Working Women in Education Sector
(Chitkara University Publications, 2014-10-15) Harmeet Kaur; Bandana Bisht
According to GLOBOCAN 2012 data released in December 2013 there are more than 10 lakh cancer cases per annum in India. The Incidence of breast cancer is growingin younger and elder women population worldwide. In India, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing at an alarming rate. The cervix cancer incidence is also very high in India especially in rural Indian women. The earlier studies have shown that raising the awareness regarding these two cancers can go long way as these are the progressive cancers and if women are made aware to get the diagnostic tests done regularly then there is more probability of getting the small tumors diagnosed early, which can be treated effectively and cure rate can be better. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of awareness program on breast and cervical cancer knowledge empowerment among working women in education sector. Quasi experimental pretestpost test design was used on the sample of 110 working women which were selected by simple random sampling technique. A self reported questionnaire on knowledge assessment regarding breast and cervical cancer was prepared and validated. The questionnaire was administered to the respondents to measure their baseline pre test knowledge regarding breast and cervical cancer. After the pre test, information on breast and cervical cancer was sent to all the respondents through e-mail which included the information on risk factors, sign and symptoms, diagnostic tests, early detection and risk prevention aspects. After three days, post test was conducted to measure the impact of information on knowledge empowerment of respondents. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 16.0 version. The study finding revealed that baseline knowledge of working women regarding breast and cervical cancer was inadequate. The knowledge of respondents improved significantly after sensitizing them through the information on breast and cervical cancer.The present study revealed that knowledge of breast and cervical cancer is astonishingly inadequate among educated and working women, which gives an insight to healthcare personnel to sensitize the women to take measures such as self breast examination, getting mammography and Pap smear tests done to detect these two deadly cancers at early stages. Therefore, there is need for organizing awareness programs at national, community and individual levels so that women can become aware regarding preventive aspects and early diagnostic techniques so that these cancers can be curbed before occurrence and at an early stage.
Assessing the Knowledge Regarding Breast Self Examination Among Nursing Students in Rayat Bahra University
(Chitkara University Publications, 2016-10-03) Jaspreet Kaur Dullat; Aanchal; Amritpal Kaur; Atinderpal Kaur; Bhupinder Kaur; Chanderkanta
In India, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing at an alarming rate and Breast Self Examination is an important method to identify it its earliest stage. Therefore, a study to assess the knowledge of Nursing students regarding Breast Self- Examination was conducted in Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, Punjab. Quantitative research approach was used in the study and using purposive sampling technique, data was collected from the sample of 95 students using structured multiple choice questionnaire. The present study exhibited that most of the students had inadequate knowledge and do not perform Breast Self Examination as a routine. Therefore, there is need to encourage the students to practice it as a routine so that the breast cancer can be detected at an early stage.
Assessment of Perceived Stress and Stress Predictors Among Dental Students: An Institutional- Based Study
(Chitkara University Publications, 2023-10-26) Ranjana Garg; Priyadarshini HR; Jing Yu Lee; Kevin Chee Pheng Neo; Mei Kei Leong; Joshua Kim Chwen Ting
Background: Stress is one of the most prevalent psychological conditions globally. However, healthcare students are at an increased risk of psy-chological distress as compared to the normal population. Medical/Dental training is considered a stressful experience for students as they face a wide range of challenges related to their lengthy curriculums, patient care, and pursuit of academic excellence. Purpose: To assess the prevalence of perceived stress levels and associ-ated risk factors among undergraduate dental students Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 under-graduate dental students to assess their perceived stress using the Modi-fied version of the Dental Environment Stress questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Most dental students reported mild stress related to most of the academic and clinical components in the questionnaire. However, a higher percentage of pre-clinical students reported moderate and severe stress (37.5% & 14.1% respectively) as compared to clinical year students (6.8% and 1.5% respectively) with p>0.05. The major risk factors causing stress were competitiveness among peers, the pressure of the assessments, and the inability to balance the clinical and academic workload. Conclusion: Undergraduate dental students were found to be under stress due to a range of factors. The faculties need to identify and alleviate such stress among students through support systems.
Assessment on Storage Conditions of Medical Laboratory Commodities and KAP of Store Managers at Government Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Chitkara University Publications, 2017-10-02) Habtamu Molla Tesfaw; Kelemework Hussien
Background Medical laboratory commodity management system especially storage system of laboratory supplies is a challenge for health professionals. Lacks of proper storage condition for laboratory commodities causes damaging commodities and stock out of essential supplies. The need of proper store management has gained a great attention for better laboratory service. Methods A Cross sectional study was conducted to assess storage conditions of commodities in eleven hospital medical stores in Addis Ababa from 1 January 2014 to 1 February 2014. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered to EPI INFO version 3.1statistical software and analyzed with SPSS version 20 statistical analysis software. Graphs and tables were used to present the result. Results Data obtained from eleven governmental hospitals was analyzed. From these more than 45% of hospitals stores served for more than 12 years without amendments. Around 18% of hospital stores didn’t have adequate protection from sunlight whereas more than 90% didn’t have frozen storage of either -20oC or -70oC. But all of the stores had cold storage of 2-8oC. Only 36.36% of the hospital stores have separate flammable chemicals and 54.45% of hospital stores have separate hazardous chemicals. All store managers in this study are pharmacist and most of them are degree holders. Conclusion The storage conditions of majority of the hospitals have problems. Lack of adequate space and infrastructures to store medical laboratory commodities were challenges in half of the facilities. Adequate and regular training should be given to the responsible personnel for better storage of medical laboratory commodities.
Awareness and Compliance in Contact Lens Wearers: Case Study
(Chitkara University Publications, 2018-10-08) Raj Kumar; Deepak Gupta
Purpose: To assess the contact lens compliance rate by using a self-administrated validated questionnaire, the level of awareness, compliance & detectable behavioral changes, patterns or trends in contact lens users. Methods: A questionnaire ,Cross sectional prospective study to understand the compliance in contact lens wearers, the questionnaires were distributed randomly among the users at various clinical & optical outlets. Based on various studies, and taking into account time constraints the sample size of 40 was taken. The mean age of 24 years was taken without any ocular pathology and systemic disease affecting the ocular health. Result: The majority of 87% of the subjects studied, preferred the monthly modality and 13 % preferred conventional yearly replacement lenses. Considering average duration of wear 64% of the subjects showed non- compliance and prolonged their wearing schedules beyond 8 hours. 38% of the contact lens users were not taking optimum care of the lens cases. A majority of 50% of the subjects rated better cosmetic appearance the most important factor, while 25% of them rated cosmetic & better vision equally important. 68% knew the availability of extended wear contact lenses that can be worn during sleep. Optical outlets are the places where the patient is more motivated for soft contact lens. Conclusion: Cost and convenience are two factors that must be considered when educating patients about proper lens care regimens. In addition, compliance is more likely if the patient is satisfied with the medical visit.
Barriers to availing refractive error services among an urban slum population in Mumbai, India
(Chitkara University Publications, 2016-04-04) Prema K Chande; Urmi Vora
Background: A refractive error project for management of refractive errors in adults was undertaken in the urban slums of Mumbai, India. The project looked at the burden of refractive errors in the predominantly lower socio economic status groups as well as what common barriers prevent access to refractive services amongst this population. This presentation highlights the barriers that were elicited for availing and accessing refractive error services among the urban slum population in Mumbai, India. AIM: The study aimed to identify the common barriers to availing & accessing refractive error services among an urban slum population in Mumbai, India. Methods : A situation analysis of the community, with respect to availability of services was done as a part of the service delivery planning. The analysis revealed that services were available but the community was not accessing the same. Based on the situation analysis report a questionnaire with all perceived barriers was developed and the same was validated. Service delivery was done by establishing vision centers within the community. Trained health workers performed a door to door vision screening, identified and referred the needy population to the vision centre. Here the questionnaire was run by trained social workers on the people visiting the centers for eye examinations, who were referred by the social workers. Results : Data analysis was carried out to know the reasons for not availing the services within the community. Of the 4070 subjects who visited the vision centre, 4039 case records were complete and analyzed. The demographic associations of the use of spectacles and reasons for not availing services were assessed with age, gender, education, socioeconomic status. On further analyses it was revealed, that, 3373 (83.5%) were aware of their poor vision, of these 2000 people did not visit an eye doctor. When the questions were analyzed as economic reasons and lack of awareness, lack of awareness superseded economic reasons, as lack of awareness was 54.5% Vs economic was 53.70%. Conclusion: When refractive error service delivery was planned for this population, besides providing free spectacles, emphasis on generating awareness for need for refractive errors was also considered.
Burden of Disability in India (1881–2011)
(Chitkara University Publications, 2015-10-05) Kalosona Paul; Shrestha Saha
It is estimated that roughly in the world 10 percent or 650 million people live with disability while India consists of 26.8 million (Census 2011) & 58th round of National s ample survey (N ss), 2002 (18.5million) indicates that around 2 percent of country’s population suffers from disability. the overreaching aim of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of disability with its type and assess the changes of proportionate disabled population during pre-independence and post-independence period. the paper essentially explains the manifold increase in the prevalence of disability in post-independence period due to the adaption of new definition. to analyze the prevalence of disability the standardized Index of Diversity (s ID) which was dev eloped by lieberson (1969) and Rowland (2003) and further given in K.M. Ponnapalli and F.Ram (2010). Paper outcome be said that blindness which continues fluctuated from the colonial periods in India. Concentration of disabled females is more with speech and, hearing whereas males' movement and mental disabilities. s IDD index values indicates that all the states and districts have experienced a rising seeing disability and movement disability, but 2011 reveal that prevalence of hearing and movement disability gradually growing. this index reveals that North-east states like sikkim; Nagaland & Manipur districts are disabled population are direct effect on curvature of economic. However, there is a need for the much-detailed investigation of the demography of disability which could provide insights into the problem and suggest the efforts that are needed to tackle the issue.
Comparative Analysis of CT and MRI in Emergency Assessment of Stroke: A Review
(Chitkara University Publications, 2019-04-08) Digvijay Singh; Chanchal Kaushik
Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)in emergency assessment of stroke in brain imaging from the review of literature. Method: Relevant databases (PubMed, google scholar etc.) were searched and literature were reviewed from 1995 to 2019. Literature from non-Scopus and unauthorized authorizations was excluded. Result: It was observed that for MRI DWI (Diffusion-weighted imaging) is preferred and in CT, axial sections are opted. In earlier studies, it was seen that neither CT nor MRI came out to be superior. This may be due to the previous technology used. Some studies also, suggested that Diffusion-weighted imaging is highly accurate in diagnosis of stroke and also superior to CT. Another study suggested that SWI is a new approach in visualizing the hemorrhage in acute stroke. On one hand, evidence revealed that MRI is as good as CT. While on the other hand, literature concluded that CT angiography is good for intracranial and extracranial vasculature. Some studies suggested that CT is more reliable and is readily available for stroke. Conclusion: Present study concludes that both diagnostic imaging modalities i.e., CT and MRI have their advantages in diagnosis of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Also chances of stroke increases with increase in age. Other factors influencing the stroke diagnosis and treatment are type of stroke, diagnostic imaging modality available, and cost-effectiveness of diagnostic exams performed.

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