Browsing by Author "Thakur Gurjeet Singh"

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    Antibiotic Resistance: Retrospective, Concurrent, and Prospective Data
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2023-11-10) Bhavesh Dharmani; Sarita Jangra; Bisman Kaur; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Over decades, antimicrobial medicines have been extensively used in industries such as agriculture and cattle husbandry, not only for the treatment of illnesses but also as preventative measures. Because of this extensive usage, bacteria have unintentionally developed antibiotic resistance (ABR), sometimes without the host’s knowledge. It has made treating infectious infections more unclear and difficult. Purpose: This review examines the patterns of antibiotic use and the types of bacteria that have developed resistance. It also explores their therapeutic mechanisms of action and the mechanisms behind resistance development. Additionally, the review discusses retrospective and concurrent data on ABR and proposes a prospective approach for the surveillance and monitoring of ABR globally. Method: The review analyses both historical and current data on the global use of antimicrobial agents and their impact on antibiotic resistance. It assesses various strategies for the rational use of antibiotics, considering past patterns and current trends in ABR. The study also evaluates ongoing efforts to monitor and prevent the spread of ABR. Result: Here, findings highlight the widespread and growing issue of antibiotic resistance, driven by both human and agricultural use of antibiotics. The review underscores the significance of continuous surveillance, monitoring, and the rational use of antimicrobial agents to combat the global threat of ABR, ensuring more effective management of infectious diseases. Conclusion: Urgent global action is needed against antibiotic resistance because of both human and agricultural use. Improved surveillance and rational use of antibiotics are a prerequisite for preserving the efficacy of treatments available today and for maintaining public health. Strategic planning ahead will be the best management of infectious diseases.
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    Chemical Induced Rodent Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2022-11-10) Kavita Chauhan; Veerta Sharma; Heena Khan; Amarjot Kaur; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    The term Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a neuro-developmental disorder that include repetitive behaviours, extremely constrained interests and deficits in social communication. In the last ten years, the numerous epidemiological papers discussing connection between autism and environmental chemical exposures has significantly increased. These findings are crucial because they focus on modifiable risk factors that may open up new possibilities for the primary prevention of the autism-related disability, which is now recognised to be more strongly related to environmental factors than was previously thought. A variety of environmental factors have been known as significant factors relevant to aetiology of ASD, such as lead and mercury (heavy metals), PCB(organic contaminant) and phthalates and BPA. The most accurate animal model of autism among all other models is valproic acid-induced autism, which can reproduce almost all of the molecular and cellular changes seen in humans with ASD. This review provide insight into various diagnostic available for autism, pathophysiology of autism and animal model of autism to develop a pharmacological therapeutic intervention for the treatment of disease.
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    Drug Repurposing Approaches for Depression: Rationale and its Clinical Experience
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2023-04-10) Mimansa Kandhwal; Amarjot Kaur Grewal; Varinder Singh; Heena Khan; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Drug discovery is a very time-consuming, tedious, and expensive process lasting for about two or more decades. This complexity of the process of drug discovery and the sluggish pace at which new drugs are being discovered draw the attention of scientists to redefine the whole process with the help of drug repurposing. The usage of old drug moieties in any other disorder with all new mechanisms is defined as repurposing. Repurposing of drugs knocks out the pre-clinical phase and related studies to give that molecule a redefined purpose. Data from these studies may be used in discovering newer molecules to save human effort, time, and expenses as well. Purpose: The complex etiology of depression and resistance to its treatment drive novel discoveries via therapeutic repurposing and pharmacological repositioning to treat this complex disorder. In addition to the reduction of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and serotonin, additional processes like inflammation, inadequate blood flow, and neurotoxicants are also being examined as possibly implicated mechanisms. Methods: Data was extensively collected, thoroughly reviewed and analysed from research published in the respective field. Results: Taking into consideration the aforementioned pathways has led to the development of repurposed drugs that can be used to treat treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Conclusions: The incorporation of artificial intelligence in drug repurposing may also enhance the chances of its success rate as it deals with data digitalization which is the main core mechanism used in drug repurposing.
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    Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Recent Update On Disease Status, Current Therapies And Advances In Treatment
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2017-11-02) Jaskaran Singh; Thapa Komal; Sandeep Arora; Amarjot Kaur; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Swiftly growing viruses are a major intimidation to human health. Such viruses are extremely pathogenic like Ebola virus, influenza virus, HIV virus, Zika virus etc . Ebola virus, a type of Filovirus, is an extremely infectious, single-stranded ribonucleic acid virus that infects both humans and apes, prompting acute fever with hemorrhagic syndrome. The high infectivity, severity and mortality of Ebola has plagued the world for the past fifty years with its first outbreak in 1976 in Marburg, Germany, and Frankfurt along with Belgrade and Serbia. The world has perceived about 28,000 cases and over 11,000 losses. The high lethality of Ebola makes it a candidate for use in bioterrorism thereby arising more concern. New guidelines have been framed for providing best possible care to the patients suffering from Ebola virus i.e Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development And Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to develop evidence-based strategy for the treatment in future outbreak of Ebola virus. No drugs have been approved, while many potent drugs like rVSV-EBOV, Favipiravir, ZMapp are on clinical test for human safety. In this review we will discover and discuss perspective aspects that lead to the evolution of different Ebola variants as well as advances in various drugs and vaccines for treatment of the disease.
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    Emerging Pathological Events in Liver Diseases of Pregnancy
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2022-11-10) Rajalaxmi Behera; Amit Kumar; Samrat Chauhan; Amarjot Kaur Grewal; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Hepatic dysfunction in a gestational woman can arises from pregnancy-related factors, illnesses that occur concurrently with gestation, or previously existing hepatic disorders which is aggravated by pregnancy. Abnormal liver test findings occur in 3% to 5% of pregnancies due to a variety of probable causes, with clinical effects ranging from self-limiting to swiftly deadly. Abnormal liver tests in pregnant individuals are caused by four major conditions: (i) Physiological changes in pregnancy, (ii) Newly acquired Liver disease, (iii) Pre-existing Liver disease, and (iv) Pregnancy-related Liver disease. Physiologic changes in pregnant women lead to abnormal liver function tests. Hepatic disorders may result in severe illness and death in both mothers as well as fetuses. Quick identification of the disease is crucial, as in critical situations immediate delivery is vital for the mother and developing infant survival. This review focuses on liver problems that are specific to pregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), which appears within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, is connected to liver damage. Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP) is the most prominent all across the middle and the end term of pregnancy. After birth, pruritus and the related biochemical indications of cholestasis resolve. Both pre-eclampsia and HELLP (elevated liver enzymes, hemolysis, and low platelets) are severe conditions that arise in the last term of pregnancy. Acute fatty liver during pregnancy (AFLP) is a potentially dangerous, uncommon condition that can affect pregnancy’s third trimester. This review summarizes the etiologies, pathogenesis, identification, and treatment of hepatic disorders during pregnancy.
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    Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors As Potential Therapeutic Agents For Various Disorders
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2017-11-02) Kajal Thapa; Savir Kumar; Anurag Sharma; Sandeep Arora; Amarjot Kaur Grewal; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Epigenetic modification acetylation or deacetylation of histone considered as an important element in various disorders. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the enzymes which catalyse the acetylation and deacetylation of histone respectively. It helps in regulating the condensation of chromatin and transcription of genes. Lysine acetylation and deacetylation present on the nucleosomal array of histone is the key factor for gene expression and regulation in a normal working living cell. Modification in histone protein will lead to the development of cancer and can cause various neurodegenerative disorders. To safeguard the cells or histone proteins from these diseases histone deacetylase inhibitors are used. In this review, the main focus is upon the role of histone deacetylases inhibitors in various diseases.
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    Management of Nutrition Crisis: Technology-based transformation in the field of Healthcare
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2023-04-15) Didar Singh; Nisha Jain; Sanjana Mehta; Sarita Jangra; Gaber El-Saber Batiha; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Acute malnutrition has grown into a big challenge to deal with in different parts of the world. There are areas desolated due to the economic crisis, climate disasters, or wars; many countries are facing a paucity of healthcare professionals, medicines and other health requirements. Purpose: To identify various methods to manage malnutrition in children in different countries especially in developing countries and hard to reach areas from peer review literature. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases were searched to identify various management techniques for SAM/MAM. A combination of MeSH words were used like Malnutrition, Undernutrition, Management, Strategies, Prevalence and Management Strategies. Results: This paper reviews management strategies for acute malnutrition in children, especially in developing countries facing resource constraints. It highlights the potential of digital health technologies and community collaboration to address this critical issue, emphasizing the importance of data-driven approaches for effective interventions and policymaking.
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    Mechanistic role of herbals as alternative therapy for epilepsy
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2022-05-07) Diksha Sharma; Veerta Sharma; Gaaminepreet Singh; Thakur Gurjeet Singh; Amarjot Kaur Grewal
    Botanicals and herbs have been used by people with epilepsy for ages in various cultures across the world. Patients in both developing and developed nations are currently using herbal remedies to manage seizures or side effects from antiepileptic medicines (AEDs). The deleterious effects of AED medication have a greater impact on the patient’s life than seizures. Alternative remedies should be used to treat and manage epilepsy because synthetic pharmaceuticals have risks. Epilepsy may be managed and treated using herbal medicines that have fewer negative effects than pharmaceutical medications. Therefore, the current review discusses about the herbal drugs used in treatment of epilepsy.
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    Phytoconstituents in Breast Cancer Prevention
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2022-05-07) Shreya Sood; Sushma Devi; Thakur Gurjeet Singh; Amarjot Kaur; Vinita Singh; Prinsi Sahpuriya
    Background: In today’s developing nations, breast cancer (BC) is among the foremost risk factor for women. The causes of mortality are still unclear, yet they are frequently related to socioeconomic level and way of life. Numerous clinical therapies have been employed up to this point, i.e.,radiotherapy, hormonal treatment, targeted treatment,mastectomy, and treatment with drugs etc. Purpose: However, resistance development to chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation and hormonal therapy is one of the common problems for many of the patients with BC.Numerous studies have looked at the anti-cancer potential of natural products due to the fact that they are generally safe.Researchers’ interest is being drawn by phytochemicals from plants that are thought to be bioactive. In this review the formation and progression of breast cancer were also studied, along with the mode’s of activity and regulatory function of these phytoconstituents in major signalling networks within the cell. Conclusion:Phytoconstituents in Breast Cancer Prevention have potential future as well as the difficulties. So, need more study and instructions for experimental animals, medical research, and experimental in vitro and in vivo methods are critically evaluated.
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    Ranitidine Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Review
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2020-05-20) Onkar Bedi; Amit Bandyopadhyay Banerjee; Thakur Gurjeet Singh; Sandeep Arora; Manisha Gupta
    Background: Ranitidine (RAN) is one of the common drugs associated with idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) in humans. It was found to be associated with severe adverse drug reactions due to the presence of contaminants such as N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) which is claimed to be carcinogenic. As a consequence, on April 1, 2020, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) had decided to call off all the RAN products from the market. The exact cause of RAN associated idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is not clear yet. Purpose: To summarize and analyze the reason behind the withdrawal of RAN products from the market and whether ranitidine will be available again in future or will FDA withdraw approvals of ranitidine National Drug Authority (NDA) and an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA)? Methods: We performed a systematic PubMed/MEDLINE search of studies investigating the reason behind the withdrawal of RAN products and explored the possible mechanism associated with RAN induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: RAN induced liver injury is difficult to diagnose and study because of its relative rarity and unpredictive occurrence. Recent studies suggest that most of the RAN associated idiosyncratic reactions may lead to hepatocyte damage, followed by a series of events, such as activation of specific T- and B-cells, release of proinflammatory mediators like TNFα, interleukins, various cytokines and chemokines. The exact cause of RAN associated idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is not clear yet. More studies must be carried out on this to know about the exact reason behind RAN associated hepatotoxicity.
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    Regulatory and Pathological Roles of CaSR and TRPC in Podocytes
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2021-05-07) Ashish; Gaaminepreet Singh; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Podocytes, or glomerular visceral epithelial cells, are highly special-ised epithelial cells that cover the glomerular basement membrane’s outer surface. Recent research suggests that podocytes play a signifi-cant role in the physiology and pathology of the glomerulus. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has a variety of roles in maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis, and it is expressed by a variety of cell types, each with its own set of regulatory activities. CaSR activation in podocytes provides prosurvival effects and protects the cell against puromycin aminonucleoside damage, according to new research by Oh and associates. Purpose: Given that CaSR activation has mostly context-dependent cellular implications, further research is needed to determine its specific involvement in podocyte physiology and pathology. Glomerular kidney disease is a significant healthcare burden, and it is thought to be a collection of illnesses for which there is no precise and effective treatment. Conclusion: Excellent scientific and genetic research have identified processes that go wrong in podocytes, the glomerular filter’s regulating cells. Now the challenge is how to des-ignate targets for new, better medicines.
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    Review on Bullous Pemphigoid: Fixed Drug Eruption or Autoimmune Disorder
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Adarsh Keshari; Kriti Jain; Roshan Pandey; Ayush Mishra; Sarita Jangra; Amit Sharma; Bhavesh Dharmani; Bisman; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering disease of autoimmune nature predominantly affecting the geriatric population. It is characterized by blister formation at the subepidermal level, due to autoantibodies at the dermo-epidermal junction targeting proteins BP180XV11 and BP230. Mainly an autoimmune condition, diagnosis and treatment get complicated as it overlaps with drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions, including fixed drug eruption. Unlike Bullous Pemphigoid, it is a condition of localized hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. Purpose: The review tries to establish Bullous Pemphigoid as an autoimmune condition separate from fixed drug eruption. It is centered on the causative role of medications, which include diuretics, antibiotics, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, in drug-induced bullous pemphigoid. Besides, it examines genetic, immunological, and environmental etiologies of the disease and delineates clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Bullous Pemphigoid and fixed drug eruptions. Method: A systematic analysis of current literature was performed, focusing on the pathophysiology, immunological mechanisms, and histopathological differences between Bullous Pemphigoid and fixed drug eruptions. The review also examines the role of medications, genetic predispositions such as specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes, and the diagnostic utility of histopathological and immunological methods like direct immunofluorescence. Results: Autoantibodies against BP180 and BP230 in bullous pemphigoid initiate inflammatory cascades, causing subepidermal blistering and eosinophilic infiltration. Fixed drug eruption involves basal cell necrosis and localized lymphocytic infiltration. Drugs like dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors exacerbate bullous pemphigoid through immune modulation and oxidative stress. Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role, and immunological tests such as direct immunofluorescence help distinguish the two conditions. Conclusion: Bullous pemphigoid is a distinct autoimmune disease with unique immunopathological mechanisms compared to fixed drug eruption. Understanding its pathogenesis, drug interactions, and diagnostic methods enhances accurate diagnosis and management of both spontaneous and drug-induced bullous pemphigoid.
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    Role of Protein Kinase C in Diabetic Complications
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2019-11-05) Simran; Amarjot Kaur Grewal; Sandeep Arora; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Diabetes is the most common and systemic disorder associated with hyperglycemia which is the significant factor in the development of micro- and macrovascular changes. Many mechanistic approaches i.e. activation of Protein kinase C, glycation end products production, hexosamine pathway and polyol pathway induce cellular damage and lead to the development of diabetic complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and myopathy. One of the adverse effects of long-lasting hyperglycemia is activation of PKC (intracellular signaling enzyme) and has become a field of great research interest. Hence, in this review special emphasis is placed on microvascular complications which are due to activation of PKC. Clinical trials have also been conducted using selective PKC inhibitors and have shown positive results against hyperglycemia.
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    The Impact of Maternal Obesity on the Development and Outcomes of Congenital Masses: A Review
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Sarita Jangra; Amit Sharma; Thakur Gurjeet Singh; Bhavesh Dharmani; Tanya Sood; Kritika Sharma; Bhupinder Bhyan; Yousef Saeed Alqarni; Fahad Thabet Alsulami
    Background: The global prevalence of obesity has risen sharply, including among pregnant women, contributing to a significant increase in obstetric complications and adverse birth outcomes. One such concern is the development of congenital anomalies, which include cystic, solid, or vascular malformations. These anomalies are influenced by maternal factors such as pre-pregnancy malnutrition, inadequate folic acid intake, iodine deficiency, consanguineous marriages, insufficient immunization, and exposure to teratogens like alcohol. Addressing the high morbidity associated with these abnormalities requires a deep understanding of their anatomical and etiological factors. Purpose: This review aims to examine the impact of maternal obesity on the development and outcomes of congenital masses. It seeks to identify mechanisms underlying these malformations, assess their prevalence, and explore strategies for prevention and management. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies that link maternal obesity with congenital anomalies. Relevant articles were identified from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords like “maternal obesity,” “congenital masses,” “foetal malformations,” and “pregnancy outcomes.” Results: Maternal obesity was associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies due to factors such as altered metabolic states, inflammation, and suboptimal nutrient levels. Early diagnosis and intervention were identified as critical for improving outcomes. Conclusion: Maternal obesity significantly impacts the development and outcomes of congenital masses. Effective prevention strategies, such as nutritional counselling, obesity management, and early screening programs, are essential to mitigate these risks and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
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    Therapeutic Implication of Herbal Phytoconstituents in Alzheimer’s Disease
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2021-11-08) Vivek Rihal; Heena Khan; Amarjot Kaur Grewal; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Introduction: Herbal plants have been widely used in traditional medicines for improving cognitive decline and age-related loss of memory since ancient times. Medicinal plants, it is claimed, contain various active components, and they have a widely used synthetic medication option for treating cognitive and associated issues. Herbal medicines have aided in advancing medicine, and several innovative pharmaceuticals have already developed. For example, much research has backed the use of phytoconstituents in herbal medicines to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Progressive memory loss, linguistic difficulties, melancholy, anxiety, mood swings, and psychosis are some of these symptoms. Objective: A systemic literature review of Bentham, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE (Elsevier) database was carried out to understand the study till March 2021. Conclusion: Although neurofibrillary tangle and cholinergic dysfunction, -amyloid plaquesdevelopment are critical features of AD, it is also linked to oxidative damage, disruption of other neurotransmitters, high levels of AGEs, neuroinflammation, hereditary and environmental variables. On the one hand, because of this complex etiology, responses to routinely used medications like memantine, donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are unpredictable and frequently poor. On the other hand, their nonspecific anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect and particular cholinesterase inhibitory activity support the use of herbal medications. Herbal drugs are also gaining popularity as a result of their supposed efficacy, safety, and accessibility.
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    Therapeutic Implication of Herbal Phytoconstituents in Stroke
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2021-11-08) Heena Khan; Vivek Rihal; Thakur Gurjeet Singh; Amarjot Kaur Grewal
    Introduction: Ischemic stroke is a prominent global cause of death and disability. Other than employingischemic stroke treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, which must be administered within 3 hours of an acute incident and carries a high risk of hemorrhagic complications, there is currentlya few effective stroke treatment should be done. Herbal medicines, mainly derived from plants, are an excellent source for developing novel therapeutic agents for a wide range of human illnesses. In additionally, the multifaceted influence of herbal medicine and its active ingredients on stroke aetiology may indicate a bright future for natural medicine in stroke therapy. Objective: Herbal medications are effective in stroke therapy because of their anti apoptotic, neuroprotective, anti inflammatory, and vascular protecting effects. Although herbal remedies are often thought of as safe and effective, there is a frequent misconception that if a treatment is effective, it must have side effects. As a result, herbal remedies are either useless or have undesirable side effects as medications. A sizeable portion of the populations in many developed countries relies on traditional healers and their supply of medicinal plants to suit their medical needs. Conclusion: Even after due to historical and cultural factors, herbal medicines have typically retained their popularity despite the advent of modern medicine alongside such ancient therapies. Additionally, herbal remedies are more advantageous for chronic health issues like stroke. This review looks at the possible mechanism of Action for the Valuable Effects of Herbal Medicines in stroke patients.