Browsing by Author "Bhavesh Dharmani"

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    Antibiotic Resistance: Retrospective, Concurrent, and Prospective Data
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2023-11-10) Bhavesh Dharmani; Sarita Jangra; Bisman Kaur; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Over decades, antimicrobial medicines have been extensively used in industries such as agriculture and cattle husbandry, not only for the treatment of illnesses but also as preventative measures. Because of this extensive usage, bacteria have unintentionally developed antibiotic resistance (ABR), sometimes without the host’s knowledge. It has made treating infectious infections more unclear and difficult. Purpose: This review examines the patterns of antibiotic use and the types of bacteria that have developed resistance. It also explores their therapeutic mechanisms of action and the mechanisms behind resistance development. Additionally, the review discusses retrospective and concurrent data on ABR and proposes a prospective approach for the surveillance and monitoring of ABR globally. Method: The review analyses both historical and current data on the global use of antimicrobial agents and their impact on antibiotic resistance. It assesses various strategies for the rational use of antibiotics, considering past patterns and current trends in ABR. The study also evaluates ongoing efforts to monitor and prevent the spread of ABR. Result: Here, findings highlight the widespread and growing issue of antibiotic resistance, driven by both human and agricultural use of antibiotics. The review underscores the significance of continuous surveillance, monitoring, and the rational use of antimicrobial agents to combat the global threat of ABR, ensuring more effective management of infectious diseases. Conclusion: Urgent global action is needed against antibiotic resistance because of both human and agricultural use. Improved surveillance and rational use of antibiotics are a prerequisite for preserving the efficacy of treatments available today and for maintaining public health. Strategic planning ahead will be the best management of infectious diseases.
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    Review on Bullous Pemphigoid: Fixed Drug Eruption or Autoimmune Disorder
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-11-20) Adarsh Keshari; Kriti Jain; Roshan Pandey; Ayush Mishra; Sarita Jangra; Amit Sharma; Bhavesh Dharmani; Bisman; Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Background: Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering disease of autoimmune nature predominantly affecting the geriatric population. It is characterized by blister formation at the subepidermal level, due to autoantibodies at the dermo-epidermal junction targeting proteins BP180XV11 and BP230. Mainly an autoimmune condition, diagnosis and treatment get complicated as it overlaps with drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions, including fixed drug eruption. Unlike Bullous Pemphigoid, it is a condition of localized hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. Purpose: The review tries to establish Bullous Pemphigoid as an autoimmune condition separate from fixed drug eruption. It is centered on the causative role of medications, which include diuretics, antibiotics, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, in drug-induced bullous pemphigoid. Besides, it examines genetic, immunological, and environmental etiologies of the disease and delineates clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Bullous Pemphigoid and fixed drug eruptions. Method: A systematic analysis of current literature was performed, focusing on the pathophysiology, immunological mechanisms, and histopathological differences between Bullous Pemphigoid and fixed drug eruptions. The review also examines the role of medications, genetic predispositions such as specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes, and the diagnostic utility of histopathological and immunological methods like direct immunofluorescence. Results: Autoantibodies against BP180 and BP230 in bullous pemphigoid initiate inflammatory cascades, causing subepidermal blistering and eosinophilic infiltration. Fixed drug eruption involves basal cell necrosis and localized lymphocytic infiltration. Drugs like dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors exacerbate bullous pemphigoid through immune modulation and oxidative stress. Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role, and immunological tests such as direct immunofluorescence help distinguish the two conditions. Conclusion: Bullous pemphigoid is a distinct autoimmune disease with unique immunopathological mechanisms compared to fixed drug eruption. Understanding its pathogenesis, drug interactions, and diagnostic methods enhances accurate diagnosis and management of both spontaneous and drug-induced bullous pemphigoid.
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    The Impact of Maternal Obesity on the Development and Outcomes of Congenital Masses: A Review
    (Chitkara University Publications, 2024-04-20) Sarita Jangra; Amit Sharma; Thakur Gurjeet Singh; Bhavesh Dharmani; Tanya Sood; Kritika Sharma; Bhupinder Bhyan; Yousef Saeed Alqarni; Fahad Thabet Alsulami
    Background: The global prevalence of obesity has risen sharply, including among pregnant women, contributing to a significant increase in obstetric complications and adverse birth outcomes. One such concern is the development of congenital anomalies, which include cystic, solid, or vascular malformations. These anomalies are influenced by maternal factors such as pre-pregnancy malnutrition, inadequate folic acid intake, iodine deficiency, consanguineous marriages, insufficient immunization, and exposure to teratogens like alcohol. Addressing the high morbidity associated with these abnormalities requires a deep understanding of their anatomical and etiological factors. Purpose: This review aims to examine the impact of maternal obesity on the development and outcomes of congenital masses. It seeks to identify mechanisms underlying these malformations, assess their prevalence, and explore strategies for prevention and management. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies that link maternal obesity with congenital anomalies. Relevant articles were identified from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords like “maternal obesity,” “congenital masses,” “foetal malformations,” and “pregnancy outcomes.” Results: Maternal obesity was associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies due to factors such as altered metabolic states, inflammation, and suboptimal nutrient levels. Early diagnosis and intervention were identified as critical for improving outcomes. Conclusion: Maternal obesity significantly impacts the development and outcomes of congenital masses. Effective prevention strategies, such as nutritional counselling, obesity management, and early screening programs, are essential to mitigate these risks and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.